Trouble with SoftSerial on the Arduino Leonardo
The Leonardo is Arduino's latest board, announced last September. It uses the Atmega32u4 chip, which has onboard USB. This has two important implications; first, the Leonardo costs less than the Uno, and second it will be able to operate in any USB mode. That means people can make Human Interface Devices (HID), like mice and keyboards and printers, with Arduino, and present themselves to the host using the standard USB interfaces for those devices. That means you can build things that don't need to talk via serial, and use the host's built-in drivers for mice and printers and whatnot. This is a big step forward for Open Hardware.
Anyway, I'm developing an little remote environmental data logger to use for part of my dissertation project, and I thought I'd see if I could use the Leonardo board in my design. I'm using the Arduino board to talk to an Atlas Scientific pH stamp, which communicates by serial. It works fine on the Uno with SoftwareSerial (formerly known as NewSoftSerial until it was beamed up into the Arduino Core mothership).
Unfortunately, it didn't go so well on the Leo. The board can send commands to the pH stamp, but doesn't receive anything. I swapped in an FTDI for the pH stamp, and confirmed that the Leonardo is indeed sending data, but it didn't seem to be able to receive any characters I sent back. I tried moving the rx line to each the digital pins, and had no luck. Here is my test program :
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#define rxPin 2
#define txPin 3
SoftwareSerial mySerial( rxPin, txPin );
byte i;
byte startup = 0;
void setup() {
mySerial.begin( 38400 );
Serial.begin( 9600 );
}
void loop() {
if( startup == 0 ) { // begin startup
for( i = 1; i <= 2; i++ ) {
delay( 1000 );
mySerial.print( "l0\r" ); // turn the LED off
delay( 1000 );
mySerial.print( "l1\r" ); // turn the LED on
}
startup = 1; // don't re-enter
} // end startup
Serial.println( "taking reading..." );
mySerial.print( "r\r" );
delay(1000);
Serial.println( mySerial.available() );
}
On the Uno, I see the number increasing as the read buffer fills up :
On the Leo, it seems that nothing ever gets added to the read buffer, no matter how any characters I send over from the FTDI or which pins I used for the rx line :taking reading... 0 taking reading... 0 taking reading... 7 taking reading... 16 taking reading... 16
I really wanted to see if I was crazy here, but I'm one of the first people among the General Public to get their hands on a Leonardo board. So, I started talking with Ken Jordan on #arduino on Freenode (he goes by Xark) who has a similar board, the Atmega32u4 Breakout+. It's based on the same chip as the Leonardo, but it has different pinouts and a different bootloader. He flashed the Leonardo bootloder onto his board, and worked out the following pin mapping :taking reading... 0 taking reading... 0 taking reading... 0 taking reading... 0 taking reading... 0 taking reading...
This was derived from the ATmega 32U4-Arduino Pin Mapping and ATMEL's datasheet for the ATmega32U4 chip. Once that was worked out, he flashed my test program onto his board, and also found that SoftwareSerial could transmit fine, but couldn't receive anything.Arduino 1.0.1 Adafruit ATMEL digitalWrite pin atmega32u4+ pin AVR pin function(s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
Ken rummaged around a little more, and had this to say :
The SoftSerial seems to use PCINT0-3 so there seems to me a minor problem in Leo-land in that only PCINT0 appears to be supported (and it is on "funky" output for RXLED). Hopefully I am just misunderstanding something (but it imay be the interrupt remap table is incorrect for Leo).Then he disappeared for a little while, and came back with :
I have confirmed my suspicion. When I disassemble SoftSerial.cpp.o I can see that only __vector_9 is compiled (i.e., one of 4 #ifdefs for PCINT0-3) and the interrupt vector 10 is PCINT0 (0 is reset vector so offset by one makes sense). So, unless you hook serial to RXLED pin of CPU I don't believe it will work with the current libs.I believe this is where I can stop worrying that I'd be wasting the time of the core Arduino developers, and say quod erat demonstrandum; it a bug in SoftwareSerial. Hopefully they can update the Arduino IDE before the boards hits wider distribution.Also I believe the Leo page is just wrong when it says pins 2 & 3 support pin change interrupts (I think this was copied from Uno but it is incorrect, the only (exposed) pins are D8 D9 D10 and D11 that support PCINT according to the ATMEL datasheet (and these are PCINT 4-7 not the ones in the interrupt mapping table AFAICT).
Update : So, it turns out that this is a known limitation of the Leonardo. David Mellis looked into it, and left this comment :
You're right that the Leonardo only has one pin change interrupt, meaning that the software serial receive doesn't work on every pin. You should, however, be able to use pins 8 to 11 (inclusive) as receive pins for software serial. Additionally, the SPI pins (MISO, SCK, MOSI) available on the ICSP header and addressable from the Arduino software as pins 14, 15, and 16 should work.He is, of course, correct. I'm not sure why my testing didn't work on pins 8-11, but they do indeed work fine. Unfortunately, this means that the Leonardo is not compatible with a number of cool shields. The Arduino SoftSerial Library Reference documentation has been updated with a more detailed list of limitations.
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That means you can build things that don't need to talk via serial, and use the host's built-in drivers for mice and printers and whatnot.
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